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Drug Tests
Drug Testing
Drug testing has become a very common practice in our current society. There are a number of reasons for this increase. First, the actual tests themselves have become relatively easy to perform. They often require only a urine dipstick. More complex confirmatory testing is readily available at any number of labs for very reasonable prices. A second reason is the parallel objectives of employers and industries to screen out drug abusers prior to employment consideration, and to maintain later vigilance by subsequent random testing. The Government has mandated certain workplace safety requirements. Drug abuse is considered to have a negative impact on this workplace safety. The goal of employers is to have a drug-free work environment. It is common practice for Workman's Compensation to require drug testing before benefits are granted after an injury in the work place. In specialized jobs, such as driving a truck or a bus, the DOT will require drug testing at the time of each physical examination.
A second relatively frequent use of drug screening is in the medical environment. Testing is often ordered after emergency presentations for trauma treatment, especially when it concerns adolescents and teenagers. A physician who is following a patient for pain management may order drug testing to look for illicit drugs, and even to see if the patient is taking the prescribed medication. In following a patient for drug rehabilitation, it is often considered necessary to screen for drugs at the initial visit and randomly thereafter. Interestingly, The American Academy of Pediatrics has come out with a policy statement against in-home drug testing by parents or random testing by schools until more strenuous research is done. The pediatricians believe that there is more chance of worsening the parent-child or teacher-child relationships than there is of obtaining useful information for drug use intervention. Finally, drug testing may be commonly used in forensics and pathology to determine possible causes of death.
A third overlapping use of drug testing is in law enforcement. After an accident, drug testing is commonly ordered to determine if drugs may be a causative factor. Individuals who are on drug-related probation may have to submit a urine sample for testing at each visit. When there is a question of parental fitness, drug testing may be required by child advocacy agencies to determine issues of visitation and custody. Again, court-ordered drug rehabilitation may require random drug screening for continued participation versus punitive action.
A fourth area of drug testing is in academic and professional sports. There is more emphasis on the use of enhancement producing drugs ("doping"), but stimulants and other drugs of abuse are of concern. The Olympics institutes the most exacting drug testing, which is required by each participant before the games, and then again by the individual winners of events.
One other area of drug testing is by the insurance industry. When a company is calculating risks and insurability of an individual, drug testing may provide very useful information. They often check for urinary nicotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, to see if a prospective client is truly an ex-smoker. An individual who is a drug abuser at any level is not a good insurance risk.
There are basically five biological sources for drug testing. They are the hair, the saliva, the sweat, blood, and the urine. The urine is usually the best biological specimen for this purpose with the possible exception of alcohol testing with hair samples. Certain ester fats which are deposited on the hair with alcohol use are testable for up to eighteen months. Blood is not considered to be as good a sample because it requires an invasive procedure and drugs are not concentrated to the same degree as they are in urine.
The approximate times that drugs remain in the body are generally known and there may be specific tests to ensure this time length. Alcohol is present for 2-4 hours, amphetamines 2-4 days, barbiturates 2-3 weeks, benzodiazepines 4-6 weeks, cocaine 2-4 days, marijuana 18 hours-5 days, methadone 3 days, and opiates 8 days. Newer tests have much longer sensitivity to minimal formal traces of these substances. There are drug users who continually try to beat the tests. They can use home test kits to see if their urine is clean ahead of time. Some try to put tap water in the cup or drink 2 liters of fluid prior to the test to dilute it. Standard testing will, however, reveal a urine sample which is too dilute or not the right temperature. Some try to put Clorox in the urine, but this is detectable. Lots of "Head Shops" have commercial products to confound urine tests like "Urine Luck" and "Whizzies", but a savvy lab tech can pick up on these methods and advise retesting. Often confirmatory testing is then required to directly observe the collection of the urine sample which is then subject to more stringent and precise methods of testing. Testing needs to be spontaneous with no fore warning and truly random to avoid any possible interference or preparation for testing.
The best decision to which to commit, if one is going to be employed in any of the work places which require urine testing, is not to use drugs which are subject to testing and identification as drugs of abuse. That's the long and the short of it. The health and financial cost of drug use can otherwise be devastating. This is not a sermon: it's just common sense. You can be a carhop, a drug dealer, or otherwise while using drugs, but the best jobs and opportunities in business, industry, and the military will go to those who do not abuse drugs. It is expected that drug testing will become more extensive and precise, and that if you do make the choice to abuse drugs you will be identified and excluded from the mainstream work force. The question you have to ask yourself is whether this joint, oxycodone or Ecstasy tablet, this sniff of cocaine, is worth what it could cost in the long run.
John Drew Laurusonis
Doctors Medical Center
About the Author
Dr. Laurusonis was conferred his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1983 and has been actively taking care of patients since completing his Internal Medicine residency in 1987 in the Garden State of New Jersey. Dr. Laurusonis has been licensed in four states but ultimately chose to permanently relocate to Georgia with his family and begin a private practice. Through his extensive experience in Internal Medicine, as well as in Emergency Rooms throughout the United States, Dr. Laurusonis saw how traditional Emergency Rooms were often overwhelmed by patients suffering medical conditions that were urgent but may not need the traditional "Level I Trauma Center". Patients often waited six to twelve hours to be seen by a physician, were riddled with thousands of dollars in medical bills, and were generally unhappy with the system.
Dr. Laurusonis decided to open an Urgent Care Center instead of a 9-5 doctor's office. Through the last fifteen years he has received accolades from the community and his patients. He has expanded his practice to include many cosmetic therapies that have previously been treated with painful and extensive plastic surgery. He has been invited to the White House numerous times, has been named Physician of the Year, as seen in the Wall Street Journal, and has served as Honorary Co-Chairman on the Congressional Physicians Advisory Board
Dr. Laurusonis and his practice, Doctors Medical Center, is open 7 days a week from 7:30 am to 9:30 pm offering such services as lab, x-ray, EKGs, aesthetics (Botox, dermabrasion, sclerotheraby and veins etc.), cold/flu, sore throats, fractures, sprains, lacerations, GYN, Pediatrics, Anxiety/Insomnia/Depression Treatment, skin tag/mole removal, veins, allergies, asthma, physicals--just to name a few. Dr. Laurusonis welcomes you to either make an appointment or just walk-in to see him. Dr. Laurusonis will take the time to speak with you about your concerns--no problem is too big or too small. If you need additional services we have specialist referrals available or we can refer you to the neighborhood hospital emergency room. Give Doctors Medical Center a call--Dr. Laurusonis will be happy to speak with you.
John Drew Laurusonis, MD
Doctors Medical Center
3455 Peachtree Industrial Blvd
Suite 110
Duluth, GA 30096
770-232-1101
www.doctorsmedicalctr.com
What is the probabilities when a company selects employees for random drug tests?
What is the probabilities when a company selects employees for random drug tests?
The company uses a computer to select randomly employee numbers that range from 1 to 6296.
Find the probability of selecting a number greater than 1000.
Answer: P = 5296/6296 - about 5 chances out of 6
Please I need to know how to work this problem out.
your probability is understood like this.
(Chance of desired event) / (total events)
chance of desired event: (6296-1000)
total events: 6296
(6296-1000)/6296
thus 5296/6296
HIGH TIMES Presents: Drug Test Guide